Health Promotion Reflective Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Promotion Reflective Piece - Essay Example Space was restrictively limited. Healthcare equipments were unfavorably lacking. There was a shortage of volunteer staff, leading to my group’s burn-out possibilities. Time constraint reduced healthcare delivery quality. However, such limitations further honed my leadership skills. Further, the World Health Organization rightfully spearheads the global healthcare process. The organization ensures stopping any disorder. The same organization focuses on improving the global population’s health issues. The organization helps alleviate or reduce the world’s disability statistics. Global health transcends the other concerns of each member nation (Sines, 2009). Furthermore, public health correctly incorporates several intervention processes (Sines, 2009). Disease is prevented from escalating or erupting. The average person’s life expectancy is increase. My Kyrgyztan volunteer team’s limited time, equipment, and other resources did not deter our successful delivery of quality services to our assigned patients. My team effectively delivered timely intervention strategies by framing each patient’s problem or issue, gathering of relevant evidences and related intervention data (patients’ daily data tracking charts and corresponding reports), and implementing the best intervention procedures within the limited time constraints. Moreover, health care theories are important (Sines, 2009). For example, the social cognitive theory rightfully focuses on learning from other people through observations and lectures. The health belief model correctly centers on the using the patients’ beliefs and attitudes to predict the patients’ future healthcare behavior. Lastly, I applied the change theory correctly enhance delivery of healthcare services to my Kyrgyzstan patients. Further, I liked the program planning cycle. I keenly applied the planning cycle when assessing my Kyrgyzstan patients’ healthcare needs, including

The Tempest - William Shakespeare Essay Essay Example for Free

The Tempest William Shakespeare Essay Essay Although William Shakespeare’s The Tempest is often categorized as his late romance, its plots reflect the major social movement of that time—the Europeans settling in the New World. As the Europeans eagerly set out to find the New World, they left behind hopeful citizens pondering over what they would find. In The Tempest, through the characters, we can infer that the Europeans’ intentions ranged from creating the perfect government to interacting with the inhabitants. They discovered that their idea of the perfect government in which everyone is equal failed to exist. Nonetheless, they were correct in their anticipation that the New World would already be settled—by savage ‘Native Americans’. They eventually integrated the Native Americans into their society as slaves. In their journey to the New World, the Europeans failed to establish an ideal government, yet succeeded in incorporating the natives into their own society. One of the Europeans’ expectations of the New World was a perfect government in which everyone would be equal. In The Tempest, Shakespeare’s character Gonzalo describes it as a government where there would be â€Å"no occupation; all men idle, all;/And women too, but innocent and pure;/No sovereignty. † (II. 1, ll. 154-156) Even as his comrades ridiculed him, he is steadfast in his belief, and simply labels them as â€Å"gentlemen of brave mettle. † (II. 1, l. 181). This would seem like the ideal government, and would work in theory. In European society in the early seventeenth century, much emphasis was placed on class. The lower class faced many restrictions, and many citizens were infuriated with the class system. To the lower class, the hope of a perfect government in which everyone was equal was ideal. Another one of their hopes was that the natives, although barbaric, would be of great use to them when they first settled. They hoped to incorporate the Native Americans into their own society. In The Tempest, Caliban, the original native of the island, originally greeted Prospero with respect: â€Å"When thou cam’st first,/Thou strok’st me and made much of me†¦then I loved thee/And showed thee all the qualities o’ th’ isle,/The fresh springs, brine pits, barren place and fertile. † (I. 2, ll. 333-338) When Prospero first came to the island, Caliban went through the trouble of finding him the best food and water sources. Because of Caliban’s kindness, this shows that the Europeans believed that the Native Americans would be easy to manipulate, and thus, easy to control. They hoped to be in command of the Native Americans so that the task of controlling North America would be easier. To gradually incorporate the natives into their own society as slaves was one of the hopes of the Europeans. However, their hopes and predetermined ideas were found to be inaccurate. The reality was that the utopian government that the Europeans dreamed about did not exist. In fact, Gonzalo’s government was impractical. There would always be conflict, and if everyone was equal, they would feel equally poor. This would call for a sovereign, which would defeat the purpose of everyone being equal. Hierarchy will always exist simply because it is human nature to strive for the best. For example, in The New World, this was reflected in the colony of Jamestown. There was always a captain in charge. A chain of order was important in order to prevent chaos in times of distress. Conversely, one of their expectations became a reality. They believed that the natives would be savages. The Europeans looked down upon the Native Americans because they appeared in many ways to be subhuman. This was due to non-Christianity, a primitive dress style, and a sense of filth: â€Å"Their hair is usually black, but few have any beards. The men wear half their heads shaven, the other half long†¦some are of disposition fearful, some bold, most wary. All Savage†¦For their apparel, they are some time covered with the skins of wild [beasts]†¦There is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so Savage in which Savages have not a religion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Europeans viewed the Native Americans as inferior beings. At first, the Native Americans were inclined to incorporate the Europeans as an intermediary: â€Å"Americans sought to incorporate the newcomers into their universe. † (Kupperman 175) They also concluded that the Europeans would be of great use to trade with. As time progressed, both the Native Americans and the Europeans strived to merge the other into their own hierarchy. (Kupperman 174) However, this attempt at incorporating the other soon proved to be futile. In The Tempest, Caliban is always plotting to overthrow Prospero (conversation with Trinculo and Stephano). This is paralleled in the Europeans’ constant, underlying worry that the natives would revolt against them: â€Å"Both the Roanoke and Jamestown  colonists reported that conspiracies against them were planned. † (Kupperman 175) The Native Americans knew their territory, and gradually developed tactics to fend off attackers. The Native Americans were highly skilled warriors, yet lacked the technology that the Europeans had. (Barbour) In addition, the Europeans had resistance to disease that overwhelmed the Native Americans. Eventually, the Europeans managed to seize power in their settlements, and incorporated the Native Americans into their civilization as slaves. Although the Europeans failed to establish a utopian government, their efforts to merge the Native Americans into their society were successful. Their ideal failed to exist simply because of human nature. Nonetheless, they integrated the Native Americans into their society as slaves. Albeit unconventional, the expectations of the Europeans were portrayed to some degree. Through The Tempest, the Europeans’ hope of establishing an model government did not become a reality, yet they managed to incorporate the natives.

Scopolamine (Burundanga) Properties and Uses

Scopolamine (Burundanga) Properties and Uses INTRODUCTION What if one day you wake up in a bathtub with your organs cut off, and you cannot remember anything. On the other hand, maybe you are on a street, showing a young woman the directions, and the next thing you know is you are in the middle of nowhere, without your belongings or money. You might find those stories are crazy and unbelievable, but in Colombia, these are daily experience. The drug named Scopolamine (Burundanga) is the real criminal hidden behind the scenes. With just a small dose of this extract, the victims will lose their free will and obey everything the criminal told them to do. â€Å"Every year in Colombia there are hundreds of reported cases of the criminal use of Burundanga (Nick, 2012)[i]. Not only in Colombia, but also recently in Asia, there are sights of Scopolamine in many crimes with a rising frequency. This research will show you the dark side of Scopolamine and solutions to help you protect yourself from this deadly weapon. More than that, it also evaluates the potential of these solutions. DEFINITION What is Scopolamine? Scopolamine is also known as Burundanga or Devil’s Breath (on the streets of Colombia). This chemical is purified from the wild plant called Borrachero, which can be found in Bogota, Colombia. Its name The Devil’s Breath originates from the fact that with just a single breath, it can cause you hallucinations, give you weird dreams. Scopolamine turns the victims into a zombie-like state, similar to a kind of hypnosis. Those suffering from Scopolamine hallucinations will do whatever the others tell them to do. Under its effect, â€Å"Scopolamine blocks neurotransmitters that carry information to the part of the brain that stores short-term memory† said Dr. Camilo Uribe, a leading expert on the drug at San Jose University Hospital (John, 2013)[ii]. In another word, the victims’ memory won’t be created, â€Å"it makes people quite passive and easier to intimidate and control† (Nick, 2012). Because of its feature, the drug is used to treat from mo tion sickness, anesthesia in operation, laboring to the tremors of Parkinson’s disease. But normally, Scopolamine is more famous on the street, along with its horror stories. SITUATION Scopolamine crime Scopolamine crimes are so famed that it has its own verb to define burundangear. This kind of crime has existed so long a time worldwide, especially in Colombia. â€Å"Last year, Colombian police reported nearly 1.200 cases of people victimized by criminals using scopolamine and other so-called zombie drugs† (John, 2013). The recent documentary of VICE has revealed stories about people being raped, robbed, and even stolen their organs. Demencia Black- a drug dealer claim that he can drug someone within a second by blowing the drug into someone face. Scopolamine is usually slipped into the targeted victim’s drinks or blown in the face of the passengers, because the drug is colorless, tasteless and odorless. Stories about Scopolamine are endless. Cases involve Scopolamine Carolina-a victim is still terrified about her experience with Scopolamine. There was a man approached her on the street and asked for directions, but since it was close by, she decided to walk him there. Later, they went out for a drink together. Afterward, she can only remember taking him to her apartment and helping him ransack the place. She said that it was painful to lose the money but she was quite lucky, because she could have been raped or worse (VICE, 2012)[iii]. In China, Scopolamine gives a big hand in human organ trading. Once I read about a girl who died because of a missing kidney. She went out for a drink in the middle of the night and she met some new friends. They partied all night and suddenly she felt dizzy and unconscious. In her blurry mind, she woke up, felt pain and found out she was in a bloody bathtub full of ice. There was a note said that she needed to call 911 immediately because her kidney had been cut off. She died on the way to the hospital. Fabian Yà ¡Ãƒ ±ez a journalist of Bogotà ¡s City TV claim that there are deaths, kidnappings†¦every night in Colombia and the Colombian are used to those crimes. â€Å"In this context, Scopolamine cases seem quite normal† (Nick, 2012) PROBLEM Circumstances cause up the problem Scopolamine itself is not devilish, but in human hands (especially in the villains) it becomes the Devil’s Breath. It is our rapacity, jealousy, enmity†¦ that turns Scopolamine into a deadly weapon. Look at Jessica Maria (a 21 years old prostitute) who has been using Scopolamine to rob her clients since she was 15. She had a rough child hood on the street so she has to fight every day to survive. Jessica said, â€Å"Everything about Scopolamine has to do about hurting people†, she hurts people because she has been hurt before and as her life was torn apart so she does not have to care anymore. (VICE, 2012) Effect on the society Every day, these kinds of crimes created a bunch of problems for the society. First of all, physical impact is concerned. Scopolamine is really poisoned because it has diversifying effects on human. With a small dose, Scopolamine can stop the brain from recording memory and if it is used consecutively, it can cause brain damage. Demencia Black said that 1 gram of Scopolamine is almost identical to 1 gram of cocaine, but with only 1 gram of Scopolamine, you can kill up to 10 people (VICE, 2012). If you have lager dose, it will make your heart beat faster; you will be more agitated and hostile. There are a lot of cases which the criminals were backfired and be attacked by their own victims. Over dose, it is fatal. Take an example as Luis Eduardo and his friend story. They were having party at a hotel and then the girls came. The next thing Luis could remember was waking up on a bench in a park so he went back to his hotel, but the employee claimed that Luis had took some people to his room and they had grabbed everything. About his friend, his body was found in another place; he died as a result of high tolerance. Secondly, when the victims are under the drug effect, they intend to follow every command, even to carry out crimes. â€Å"I can give you a gun and tell you to go kill someone and you will do it† (John, 2013). Thirdly, the victims cannot remember the process of a crime or face recognition when they arrive at the hospital or a report station; making it hard to track down the criminals. Fourthly, Colombia tourism is suffering a lot from this. VICE states that Colombia now is one of the highest kidnapping rates in the world. On the streets, in bars, at home, in the midnight or daylight†¦ wherever you go, whenever you are, you can be burundangeared. â€Å"In Bogota and Cali, Burundanga is given to unsuspecting visitors in chewing gum, chocolate, drinks or dusted on pieces of paper† (Yukio, 2012)[iv]. Finally yet importantly, because of these kind of crimes people will soon doubt at each other. You cannot trust anyone and aound you is not safe anymore since everyone can drug you or may be kill you with this kind of stuff. As we can see, crimes caused by Scopolamine are dangerous and have strong consequences on the society from many aspects. Solutions to this problem are necessary and more urgent day by day. SOLUTION Difficulty in eradicating problem Even though Scopolamine crimes are serious and cause losses of human and material; however, it is hard to eradicate this complex. Originating from Colombia – kingdom of crimes and drugs – it is almost impossible to banned or wipe out Scopolamine because there will always be another undersurface lines provide it. More than that, Scopolamine is purified from a wild plant which grows everywhere in Colombia and some countries include Vietnam. That is the reason why Scopolamine is so pure and cheap, and can be easily found. More than that, Scopolamine is legal in most of the countries around the world because it plays an important part in medical purpose; therefore, it is hard to punish who stores or uses Scopolamine. Preventing tips Most of the solutions for Scopolamine crimes are showing people how to protect themselves from this deadly drug. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada warn the travelers to avoid going to the countryside of Colombia while The Government of Canada suggests the tourist going to bars with their companies and be careful of foods or drinks, always keep them under your observation. (Yukio, 2012) Adolf Thopil (2014)[v] wrote an article about Scopolamine on the Tecsys blog, he has shared some general safety tips for tourists who want to travel around Colombia. First, try not to be an eye-catching object by not showing expensive jewelry or fancy smartphone and only use electronic devices when you really need them. Second, when you need to use a cab, bring along your map and make sure the driver is taking you to the right place. However, if there is another one in the car, do not take it no matter what. Third, never go out alone, especially on an empty street or parks at night. The next thing you should always remind yourself is limit your contact, particularly with someone you do not know before. When strangers offer you something such as foods, drinks, even just a handshake, try your best to avoid those because some criminals may smear the drug on their skin or poison the food. The important part is when you are at the ATM, be careful if there is someone there before you, and not ever count the money outside the booth. These advices might sound easy and unnecessary but they sure will save you from getting into chaos. EVALUATE Solutions for Scopolamine are not much and most of them cannot solve the problem from its root. The Government of many nations, international websites, journals or even experts’ recommendation is only mention about warning, preparing for the people to protect them from dangers. The advantages are people will be aware of this kind of crimes and they can learn how to keep themselves out of troubles. For example, in Vietnam, people who have been through the situation choose to spread theirs words by mouth or on the internet to alert each other. This method turns out very helpful since people with real experience will have a full view and point out the necessary part. Nevertheless, the disadvantage is those solutions are only temporary, they are not the real way out. Keeping the people away from the crimes does not mean that the crimes are gone. Those crimes will be more delicate by time and eventually the preventing tips will not be useful anymore. But then again I have to agree with Adolf Thopil’s advices because even though you already have a lot of real solution to face or to solve Scopolamine problems, why not try to prevent them at the first place? If you are not an easy target, the criminal will not have a chance to drug you. CONCLUTION To sum up, this research paper shows you the real face of Scopolamine, how dangerous it is and giving you some safety tips so that you can protect yourself from this kind of crime. REFERENCES [i] Nick, O. (2012) Burundanga Republic [Online] Available from http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/burundanga-republic/115/ [Accessed : 3rd December,2014] [ii] John, O. (2013) ‘Devil’s breath’ could be world’s scariest drug [Online] Available from http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/09/02/devils_breath_could_be_worlds_scariest_drug.html [Accessed : 2nd December 2014] [iii] VICE. (2012) Colombian Devil’s Breath [Online] Available from http://www.vice.com/video/colombian-devil-s-breath-1-of-2 [Accessed : 30th November 2014] [iv] Yukio, S. (2012) Is Scopolamine the world’s scariest drug? [Online] Available from : http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/324779 [Accessed : 10th December, 2014] v Adolf, T. (2014) The world’s most dangerous drug. [Online] Available from http://blog.tecsys.in/the-worlds-most-dangerous-drug.html [Accessed : 12th December 2014] Martin, D. (1998). HIV Drug Book. [Online] Second edition. USA: Pocket Books. Pp 235-237. Available from : http://books.google.com.vn/books?id=v8itp3BnM9gCpg=PA235lpg=PA235dq=scopolamine+booksource=blots=jSNfWSKKbKsig=6AzqkiRn4uIjSiISeBFFW1a4kZYhl=visa=Xei=CBV-VLroPJbc8AXkhoCwDAved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepageq=scopolamine%20bookf=false [Accessed 30th November 2014] [v]

Apocalypse Essay -- Apocalyptic Essays

Apocalypse There have been many stories written about the apocalypse or the end of human civilization. They often focus on man’s struggle to avoid annihilation. "War of the Worlds", by H.G. Wells and "Independence Day", directed by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich, are examples of the unique qualities of films concerning the end of human civilization. Such Apocalyptic films offer a unique perspective on human character in an extreme setting. Apocalyptic stories are unique because there is no historical event to use as a reference. There have been events where a small group has faced annihilation but humanity as a species has never faced assured destruction. During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1963, there was some belief that any use of force could trigger a nuclear holocaust. However, few people knew how close the United States and the Soviet Union were to nuclear war. There are no examples of the entire human species facing annihilation. Doomsday stories are common in literature on a smaller scale. Movies such as "Remember the Alamo", "Gettysburg", and "Saving Private Ryan" have characters that face death or destruction, but they face it with bravery and honor. Audiences respect and admire such behavior when one faces death. Apocalyptic stories are an expanded form of this type of writing. They are stories where humanity as a whole can be admired for their positive attributes in addition to the bravery or focus on one hero or heroine. It is not often that one characterizes the entire human race. Usually we divide into cultural or political units and then we evaluate them as a group. We can be organized or divided by religion, social class, political allegiance, cultural beliefs and physical appearance. For example, Ja... ... hero or protagonist, are allocated to several characters or sometimes on all of man. The allocation of qualities among more then one character can often be more profound then a typical story. Combined with the threat of total annihilation of humanity and its culture, Apocalyptic Films and the situations they pose, are very unique. Works Cited Independence Day. Dir. Dean Devlin, Roland Emmerich. 20th Century Fox, 1997. War of the Worlds. Dir. Byron Haskin. Perf. Gene Barry. Paramount Pictures, 1952. Mullen, R. D. "The definitive War of the worlds". Science-Fiction Studies. v. 20, Nov. 1993, p. 440-3. Seed, David. "A critical edition of the War of the worlds; H.G. Wells's scientific romance". Essays in Criticism. v. 44, July 1994, p. 258-64. Strozier, Charles B. Apocalypse : on the psychology of fundamentalism in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.

Three Major Exceptions

Employment-At-Will Doctrine Employment-At-Will Doctrine: three major exceptions From my research of this topic it Is obvious that the united States Is still the only industrialized nation that lacks a national wrongful dismissal statute. The reason for the lack of such is not of course the federal structure of the united States. In the United States, employees without a written employment contract generally can be fired for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all; Judicial exceptions to the rules seek to prevent wrongful terminations. The employment-at-wil doctrine is not without ts limits.Terminations initiated by the employer must not be discriminatory or in violation of specific federal or state laws. This is a good example of employment -at- will doctrine the employer is legally prohibited from taking any adverse employment action against an employee because of his or her race, gender, age. disability, national origin, or any other legally protected characteristic or activity. Like so many other people and workers in the united States we believe that satisfactory job performances should be rewarded with other benefits and job security.As an mployee you feel that you won't get fired if you perform your Job well but this has eroded in recent decades in the face of an increased incidence of mass layoffs, reductions in company's workforce, and Job turnovers. In the last half of the 19th century, employment In the united states has been at will or terminable by either the employer or employee for any reason whatsoever. The employment-at-will doctrine vows that when an employee does not have a written employment contract and the term of employment is of indefinite duration, the employer can terminate the employee for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all.The courts viewed the relationships between employer and employee as being on equal footing In terms of bargaining power. It is believed that the employment-at-will doctrine reflected the belief that people should be free to enter into employment contracts of a specified duration, but that no obligations attached to either employer or employee it a person was hired without a contract. Because employees were able to resign from positions they no longer cared to occupy employers were permitted to discharge employees at their whim. As you notice the industrial revolution planted the seeds for the erosion f the employment-at-will doctrine.When employees began forming unions, the ‘Of3 collective Dargalnlng agreements tney negotlatea wltn employers Trequently naa provisions in them that required Just cause for adverse employment actions, as well as procedures for arbitrating employee grievances. These protections reflected the changing view of the relationship between employer and employee. Rather than seeing the relationship as being on equal footing, courts and legislatures slowly began to recognize that employers frequently have structural and economic advantages when negotiating w ith potential or current employees.It is the recognition of employment as being central to a person's livelihood and well-being, coupled with the fear of being unable to protect a person livelihood from unjust termination, led to the development of common-law, or Judicial, exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine. The three major exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine is principally address terminations that although they technically comply with the employment-at-will requirements, do not seem Just. Another exception prevents terminations for reasons that violate a State's public policy.Another recognized exception prohibits terminations after an implied contract for employment has been established; such a contract can be created through employer representations of continued employment, in form of either oral assurances or expectations created by employer handbooks, policies, or other written assurances. Finally a minority of states has read an implied covenant of good f aith and fair dealing into the employment relationship. The good faith covenant has been interpreted in different ways, meaning that terminations must be for cause to eaning that terminations cannot be made in bad faith or with malice intended.There are only six western States that recognize all three of the major exceptions and three southern States that do not recognize any of the three major exceptions to employment at will. Remember the public policy exceptions is when an employer may not fire an employee if it would violate the state's public policy doctrine or a state or federal statute. This includes retaliating against an employee for performing an action that complies with public policy as well as refusing to perform an action hat would violate public policy. There are forty-three U.S. states and the District of Columbia recognize public policy as an exception to the at-will rule. In conclusion suits seeking damages for constructive discharge in which an employee alleges th at he or she was forced to resign, and for wrongful transfer or wrongful demotion have increased in recent years. Accordingly, nowadays employers must be weary when they seek to end an employment relationship for good cause, bad cause, or, most importantly, no cause at all.

Free Essays on Emily Dickinson - She Rose to His Requirement

â€Å"She Rose to His Requirement† – Images, Theme, and Relevance Emily Dickinson is an extremely respected, renowned, and talented poet. Her poems contain images and some themes that are still relevant to today’s world. Her use of images aids readers in visualizing her theme. In She Rose to His Requirement, Dickinson depicts images of a young woman’s potential being denied through the theme of supposed female inferiority that still exists somewhat in the modern world. The images that Emily Dickinson presents in She Rose to His Requirement are of a young woman about to be married and lose her characteristics in the process. â€Å"She rose to his requirement, dropped/The playthings of her life.† (ll. 1-2) The image that is presented in these lines is of a young woman that is about to get married, and drop her personal characteristics. Additional metaphoric images that are displayed are the pearl and the weed in the sea. â€Å"It lay unmentioned, as the sea/Develops pearl and weed.† (ll. 9-10) The image of a pearl is generally a precious development of nature, while weed’s image is not regarded as anything spectacular. Both the pearl and the weed are developed under the sea, but one is more precious than the other. In society, the pearl is man and the weed is woman. By comparing the woman in the poem to the weed in the sea, it shows that even if the woman has potential, her worth will remain unchanged. Emily Dickinson is using She Rose to His Requirement to show what a woman has to give up when she is married. If aught she missed in her new day Of amplitude, or awe, Or first prospective, or the gold In using wore away, It lay unmentioned†¦ (ll. 5-9) Dickinson discusses and gives examples of how a woman’s potential is less significant than that of a man’s. If the woman was unhappy with her marriage, she had to remain quiet; one of the things a woman has to give up after marriage is her opinion.... Free Essays on Emily Dickinson - She Rose to His Requirement Free Essays on Emily Dickinson - She Rose to His Requirement â€Å"She Rose to His Requirement† – Images, Theme, and Relevance Emily Dickinson is an extremely respected, renowned, and talented poet. Her poems contain images and some themes that are still relevant to today’s world. Her use of images aids readers in visualizing her theme. In She Rose to His Requirement, Dickinson depicts images of a young woman’s potential being denied through the theme of supposed female inferiority that still exists somewhat in the modern world. The images that Emily Dickinson presents in She Rose to His Requirement are of a young woman about to be married and lose her characteristics in the process. â€Å"She rose to his requirement, dropped/The playthings of her life.† (ll. 1-2) The image that is presented in these lines is of a young woman that is about to get married, and drop her personal characteristics. Additional metaphoric images that are displayed are the pearl and the weed in the sea. â€Å"It lay unmentioned, as the sea/Develops pearl and weed.† (ll. 9-10) The image of a pearl is generally a precious development of nature, while weed’s image is not regarded as anything spectacular. Both the pearl and the weed are developed under the sea, but one is more precious than the other. In society, the pearl is man and the weed is woman. By comparing the woman in the poem to the weed in the sea, it shows that even if the woman has potential, her worth will remain unchanged. Emily Dickinson is using She Rose to His Requirement to show what a woman has to give up when she is married. If aught she missed in her new day Of amplitude, or awe, Or first prospective, or the gold In using wore away, It lay unmentioned†¦ (ll. 5-9) Dickinson discusses and gives examples of how a woman’s potential is less significant than that of a man’s. If the woman was unhappy with her marriage, she had to remain quiet; one of the things a woman has to give up after marriage is her opinion....

These Are the Easiest AP Classes for You

These Are the Easiest AP Classes for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What are the easiest AP classes and/or the easiest AP tests? Answering this question isn’t so simple as just giving you a list, since there are a lot of factors that could make an AP class easy. The easiest AP tests could have hard classes to go with them, or vice versa. You also have to think about your school, the national average scores, and your own personal strengths when figuring out which AP courses are relatively easy. But don’t worry- we’ll help you break down these factors and decide which AP tests will be easiest for you! In this article, we'll first discuss your particular situation- your skills and your school. Then, we'll look at national data on passing rates and reputation for easiness. How Do Your Skills Affect Which AP Tests Are Easiest? The very first thing you should consider when deciding which AP tests are easiest is, well, you! Any topic that you are good at or comfortable with will be easier for you than classes you are less experienced in. For example, if you’re a good writer and have always done well in Language Arts/English classes, you will probably find both AP English Literature and AP English Language will be manageable for you, even though their rates of scoring a perfect 5 are pretty low (under 11%). (Read more about AP scoring here.) As another example, if you have always liked math and have taken math classes up through pre-calculus, you may find AB or even BC Calculus fairly easy, especially if your school has a good teacher (more on that in a minute). Remember, one student’s easy AP class could be another student’s nightmare! So even as you consider things like passing rate and teachers, keep in mind you shouldn’t just go on a class’s reputation alone when choosing an AP class. Trust your own instincts and strengths! Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. How Does Your School Affect Which AP Tests Are Easiest? Another important factor to consider is your school and teachers. For example, if there is a teacher at your school who has taught AP US History for 10 years, has their curriculum down pat, and has a higher passing rate than the national average, you’ll have a high shot of passing, even though AP US History has one of the lowest national passing rates. This can even be true of other AP classes considered tough by reputation, like AP Physics, AP Biology, and AP English Literature. This also means that if you take an AP class from a teacher who has never taught it before, you might have to plan on doing more studying on your own. The new teacher might not have as much experience with timing the curriculum or working practice tests into their class schedules. Don't underestimate the importance of practice tests! So this means when signing up for AP classes, don’t just look at what your school offers. Try to find out who teaches it and figure out their reputation. But how can you do this? #1: Ask your guidance counselor. They should know about how many students take the AP class every year, what the teacher’s exam pass rate is, and if they notice students switching out of the class often. That could be a sign the course is challenging or students don’t do well with the teacher. #2: Talk to upperclassmen who have taken the class. If you have older siblings, or older friends from clubs or sports, you can ask about what they have heard about certain teachers. Don’t rely only on what other kids say about a teacher, but for example, if every student you talk to says they have heard the AP Biology teacher is amazing and all their friends have passed the AP test, that’s a good sign! #3: Talk to your current teachers. Especially if you are in an AP prerequisite class, like a biology class that feeds into AP biology, the teacher probably knows plenty of students who have gone on to take AP and has heard about how well they do. What About the AP Class Itself? Another factor to consider is how hard the class itself will be, not just the AP exam. This is something that varies based on your school and the teacher teaching the class. As an example, I took two tough AP classes my sophomore year- AP World History and AP Biology. Both exams were very hard, but the classes were two very different experiences. Even though the World History exam was hard and I studied a lot, the class itself wasn’t hard to pass. The teacher even automatically changed our grades for the last semester to an A just for taking the AP test! However, for AP Biology, our teacher assigned very tough tests and lots of homework, including making several flashcards for every single textbook chapter. It was very hard to get an A in that class. To find out how hard an AP class will be, you can use the same tips we mentioned above to learn about a class’s reputation. As a general rule, the more material there is to cover before an examination, the harder the class will probably be. Calculus BC, Biology, and English Literature have tough reputations in a lot of schools since there is more material to cover. US Government, Psychology, Human Geography, and Environmental Science tend to be easier since there is comparatively less to cover before the exam. Also keep in mind that some schools weight AP classes, so they can boost your GPA if you do well. Average AP Passing Rates: What We Can Learn The passing rate for each AP test is where many students start when trying to figure out the easiest AP classes. Check out our table below to see which exams have the most and least students pass. Exam Name Passing Rate (3+) 5 Rate Studio Art: Drawing 91.1% 20.8% Spanish Language and Culture 89% 24.9% Chinese Language and Culture 88.3% 57.2% Studio Art: 2-D Design 86.4% 21% Calculus BC 81.5% 43.2% Physics C: Electricity Magnetism 81.1% 35.9% Seminar 80.7% 6.8% French Language and Culture 76.7% 15.5% Research 76.2% 10.8% Japanese Language and Culture 75% 38.2% Computer Science Principles 72.7% 13.6% Spanish Literature 71.9% 9.1% Physics C: Mechanics 71.1% 34.6% German Language and Culture 70.5% 18.4% Studio Art: 3-D Design 70.1% 10.1% Computer Science A 69.9% 27% Microeconomics 68.4% 22.2% Gov. and Politics - Comparative 66.2% 22.2% Biology 64.6% 7.1% Italian Language and Culture 64.6% 11.8% Psychology 64.4% 20.2% Art History 63.9% 12% Physics 2 63.5% 12.6% Music Theory 63.4% 20.9% Latin 63.1% 13.1% Statistics 59.2% 14.5% European History 58.4% 11.7% Calculus AB 58.3% 18.9% Macroeconomics 57.9% 17.6% World History 56% 8.7% Gov. and Politics - United States 55.2% 12.9% English Language and Composition 55.1% 10.1% Chemistry 54.6% 10.7% United States History 54.3% 12.1% English Literature and Composition 50.1% 6.2% Environmental Science 49.6% 9.5% Human Geography 49.1% 10.7% Physics 1 44.6% 6.2% Source: College Board. For language rates, "Total" includes all students, while "Standard" includes only those students who didn't indicate they speak this language at home or spent more than four weeks studying it abroad. Notice that some of the exams with the highest passing rates, Chinese, Spanish Language, and BC Calculus, are not the easiest AP classes or tests by any estimation. They have high pass rates because the students who take those classes are ones, in general, who have had plenty of prior preparation. This also includes the AP Studio Art Classes- the AP exam is really a portfolio you submit. AP art students put in tons of work during the year preparing pieces for their portfolio. You have to have prior art experience to put together a solid portfolio; you can’t just waltz into AP art as a novice! So what does this mean? If you are strong in a subject, you have a good chance of doing well on the AP exam, even if it has a reputation of being tough. But don't just go by the national passing rates when signing up for classes! On the flip side, note that some of the exams with the lowest passing rates- Environmental Science, US Government, and Human Geography- are not necessarily the hardest AP tests. In fact, at many schools they have a reputation for being easy. So why are their passing rates low? One reason is that many high schools let freshmen and sophomores take these courses since they are comparatively easier. However, since they are many students’ first-ever AP exam, the students can struggle because all AP exams are challenging and tough to pass. Also, students might underestimate these exams and not study enough. Especially if they are taking multiple APs in one year, they might, say, neglect Environmental Science while trying to study for Physics. So even if an AP course has a reputation for being easy, or the class at your school isn’t that hard, do not underestimate the exam. All AP exams are difficult and you have to put in study time to do well on the test. By Reputation, What Are The Easiest AP Exams? We’ve talked about personal strengths, teachers, and passing rates. But you’re probably still wondering: across the board, which AP classes and tests tend to be easy, and which ones are hard? Easiest AP Classes and Tests: Psychology Human Geography Environmental Science US Government Some schools teach US Government as a half-year course since it has less material. Psychology is mostly memorization and only has two free-response questions on the test. (Compare that to AP Chemistry, which has seven.) Environmental Science is conceptually easier to understand than Physics, Biology, or Chemistry for most students. Human Geography centers around learning and applying models, and has less raw memorization required than the AP history exams. Statistics, Computer Science, and Economics (both macro and micro)are often also cited as easier tests if you have background in the subject and/or good teachers. Which APs are often seen as the most difficult? Hardest AP Classes and Tests: English Literature English Language BC Calculus Physics C (both Mechanics and Electricity and Magnetism) Biology Again, this can change if you are strong in any of these subjects and/or your school has a great teacher. You do still have to memorize the structure of the brain, among other things, for AP Psychology. If memorization isn't your strong suit, it might not be so easy. Are AP Language Classes Easy? Finally, we want to address the language AP exams. As we saw above, foreign languages have some of the highest pass rates of all the AP exams. AP Spanish has a pass rate of 89%, AP Chinese's pass rate is 88%, and other languages have similarly high pass rates. Why are their passing rates so high? It’s because students don’t just learn these languages in one year. Most students only take AP language if they have been taking a language for several years. Many students who take the AP language exams even speak that language at home or may have studied abroad. This explains the high passing rates. What this means: if you do have lots of experience with a language, you should definitely try to take the AP language exam. Colleges frequently use AP language scores to place you in first year language courses, or even to excuse the foreign language requirement. In other words, the AP language exams are a great way to show your foreign language skills to colleges- and will be pretty easy to pass as long as you have the experience. But don't sign up for them just because they appear easy based on their passing rates. You can't learn Chinese in a year! What Do Colleges Want? As a final note, you should keep in mind why you are taking AP classes in the first place- to get college credit, and also to strengthen your college applications. In general, colleges want to see two things out of your high school classes: that you are challenging yourself, and that you are developing specific academic interests. If you only take the AP exams with easy reputations, it might look like you’re not challenging yourself. This is especially true if your high school offers the traditionally â€Å"tough† courses like calculus and literature. In other words, don’t load up on a bunch of â€Å"easy† APs just to have them on your transcript. Colleges will see through it. Instead, take APs that are interesting to you and support what you want to study in college. This will often result in a balance between easier and harder exams. For example, a future political science major might take AP US History (challenging) and AP US Government (easier). Or a future environmental engineer might take AP Calculus BC (hard) and Environmental Science (easier). The bottom line? Play to your strengths! Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. What’s Next? Curious about what the AP tests themselves are like? Learn about how long AP tests are and how to deal with fatigue. Also studying for the SAT? Learn to improve a low math score and how to write a strong essay. Aiming for perfection? Get tips from our resident 1600 full-scorer. Going with the ACT instead? Get tips for the essay and get study tips from our perfect 36 full-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Harvard Business School Application for MBA †Example Essay

Harvard Business School Application for MBA – Example Essay Free Online Research Papers Harvard Business School Application for MBA Example Essay Essay 1.Please describe three different leadership experiences that have been significant for your. (600 words) The best leadership that I want to point out as a primary one is the leadership without any price and the leadership of pure service. In fact, I personally exercised this sort of leadership in the small island to the northern part of Korean peninsula, xxx. The island, where I was supposed to serve as of May 19xx according to the regulation of Korean government as an alternative to a military service, was a traditional society stuck in the traditional sense of value and ruled by the senior citizen apart from the modernized urban life. As far as I am concerned, it was a backwater duty for the first time in my life. My original mission in this island in the first place was to cure light diseases or injuries and prevent epidemics in the region. I came to be, however, one of leaders in the community regardless of my intention over time. As a matter of fact, it was a relatively small community where the number of college graduates was nothing but ten personnel and small office was supposed to take care of almost all the affairs happening in the community. Just because I graduated from the xxx, made a good reason for being classified into a celebrity or considered as some kind of genius. Apart from the medical treatment, I played a vital role of a consultant with regard to a variety of personal problems as well as the community matters in the island. In effect, I was cordially invited to every single event happening in the community such as Korean traditional Thanksgiving Day and collective conference in the village. After 6 months of residence in the island, I came to be one of the best consultants who are supposed to give advice or make comments on a wide range of matters that inhabitants in the island might have. What was the primary reason the residents in the island put me up to the position of a leader accepting most of advice from me almost one hundred percent? To the best of my belief and knowledge, I guess I took a part of a volunteer providing service, not seeking any price for the service at all. In other words, my position and my behavior that required disinterestedness and neutral attitude towards the residents in the island basically enabled me to become a leader of them. As a result, I was able to learn a significant lesson that The real leader should be generous about the members of the team and The leader should be impartial. from the experience in the island for about a year. The second lesson that I learned from my own experience in terms of leadership was The leader should be humanitarian enough to embrace the subordinates. In particular, I have realized that it is critically necessary for the leader to control the older person who is under his or her supervision. When I work as a medical director in the xxx Korea for x years, I worked with eight fellow workers under my control as a team. Among them, there were three personnel older than I in the light of age including a research fellow even older than me by 15 years. In fact, they were highly qualified experts in their field. No wonder each and every one of them obtained at least masters degree in the field of medicine or basic science with a high self-esteem although they were relatively late for the promotion compared to my case. After I was appointed as a medical director, I absorbed myself in the studies on their inclination in the first place. As a result, I was able to come to the concrete conclu sion that I need to employ a humane interaction and conversation with them rather than a unilateral command. According to the conclusion, the first policy that I exercised was to hold a regular meeting in the restaurant near the company every Friday night. In the meeting for two or three hours along with dinner, we were able to have a conversation over everything including our privacy, let alone the topic related to the company. In particular, the senior staffs were somewhat skeptical about the outcome of this meeting in the beginning. My recommendation and serious attitude towards the meeting, however, increased the number of members in the meeting on a gradual basis. The existence of the regular meeting served as the main source of maintaining good atmosphere of our team, eliminating every possible conflict within members and compromising our interests in the team. With reference to the complaints and the policy of the company, I made vigorous efforts to the implementation of agreements made in the meeting. Accordingly, the team members were generally favorable to my endeavor and enforcem ent in most cases. On the other hand, the president of xxx Korea from overseas did not seem to understand my attitude from time to time. For example, I took myself to the rural area through 10 hours of driving in order to visit the funeral of the father of one of my colleagues and got back to the work even at dawn. As such, I was able to lead the team without any big trouble through the efforts to understand the counterpart on a humanitarian basis. I have realized the third pillar of the leadership through the ordinary philosophy that The leader should take the initiative. When I applied for the position of salesperson in xxx Korea February 19xx, most of the personnel in the company including the president were casting doubts on my success as a salesperson. More than that, even my colleagues tried to leave me left out because I used to be a medical doctor, which didnt fit for the position. The principle that I chose during that time was Set a good example for others. Try my best twice as hard as other s do. Based on this principle, I firmly set my working hours from seven to nine on a daily basis. Accordingly, I kept my hands full for 14 hours a day for six months. In return, I achieved the 210% of accomplishment compared to the original objective and eventually received a promotion as a reward for my achievement. In this regard, I was able to realize the fact that I should work twice as much as others do in order to be a real leader. Unlike the supervisor checking in the office later than the subordinates or the leader just pushing their proteges to work hard, I believe that the virtue of the leader is to set a good example for the subordinates in order to obtain heart-felt trust from the proteges. 2. Recognizing that successful leaders are able to learn from failure, describe a situation in which you failed. (300 words) Respect what others did. This is the conclusion I made after I wrapped up one of the most regrettable strategic meetings that I had in my job career. One of the basic qualities of the leader is to respect the accomplishment of the precedent person and even the achievement of subordinates. I am confident that it will function as a solid basis for the career development of a skillful leader. September 10, 19xx. It was the day when I stepped in the office as a product manager in charge of the marketing of cozaar which was one of the most important products in xxx Korea, the current working place 7 months after I had joined the company. In the first strategic meeting after I became a product manager, I firstly made a comment starting We should modify the goal in the annual sales from 11 million dollars up to 17 million dollars in the future. After I made my short presentation, one of district managers suggested in jest saying, Why dont you accomplish 6 million dollar worth of return on s ale at the extra goal. Awkward laughter came out in the conference for a while. It was just a joke that he cynically implied a record-breaking sales achievement that I made for 6 months. Yet, it stroked my heart like a stab in my back. I might not get a full credit from the staff because of the makeshift remark without any consideration two months ago. Since then, I happened to learn three major lessons. First of all, I should not change or ignore the time-honored agreement based on the consultation of the members initiated by the precedent person. In case of modification of the previous plan, it is critically necessary to have a through market research and collection of the opinions of every team member in advance so that I could enhance the cooperation among team members. Secondly, it is essential for the leader to obtain the credibility from the subordinates in order for the project to make it. If I had been an employee, I could not have been able to trust the leader who modified the previous plan without any sufficient data. Finally, every single word that the leader spit out should be more prudent. My remark during that time was not necessarily the effect that we should increase the sales as much as I added up to. My instant remark that we should increase the sales compared to the previous year eventually put me in line becaus e most of employees took it very seriously. Since then, I was more than careful about the official remark and drew a clear line between the joke and serious comment. 3. Describe a situation when your value and belief were challenged. What did you do, and why? (300 words) In May 15 19xx, I couldnt leave the harbor of this deserted island, xxx, populated xxxx people and located at the tip of the Korean peninsula. More than anything else, waiving hands and tears of almost one hundred local people were the source of dragging my feet. I could have been the last time I saw them in person. When I was given a humble certificate of achievement in my hand made by pupils small hands in local primary school, I was able to realize the ontological value that I should cherish in my heart for the rest of my life. In addition, I could catch a glimpse of the way my life should pursue in the long term. This value and belief was totally different from the past life in which symbolized as the comfort and wealth. In this context, I am confident that the value and belief will serve as a great momentum for the rest of my life. The reason why I went to xxx in April 19xx is due to the Korean governments regulation, which led me to finish the military service as a doctor in un derdeveloped island. I arrived in this island accepting the backwater duty like other military doctors with open-minded. Yet, xxx was unbelievably an area equipped with no medical care in the perspective of those who were accustomed to the urban life. In small makeshift medical facility where I should offer medical service to local people with an assistant nurse, there was no surgical equipment anywhere in the hospital. All I got for the sick was aspirin and simple digestion pill. Local peoples concern for the medical treatment was close to the level of self-abandonment. For instance, when having stomachache, their best medical care alternative was to take a simple digestion pill or to lie on the floor without eating. On top of that, when the children had slight injury, they were asked to stop bleeding by applying pressure on the wounded part with a cloth. In most cases, most of senior citizens that had not received any preventive medical care at all were suffering from the symptoms such as degenerative arthritis, repetitive gastritis, and hypertension. Nevertheless, they had no choice but to accept the reality like their fate without any doubt. What they needed during that time was not a grand operation of modern hospital and even expensive medicine but the medicines such as anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and insulin that could be easily bought in the urban area. They could easily relieve the pain with simple medication. As a matter of fact , they could not afford to cover the medical cost due to low income. Inevitably, they tend to accept the diseases as their fate. It serves as a big burden for them to purchase the drug on their own other than the basic medicine such as aspirin provided by the government free of charge. Furthermore, it was a bigger burden for the aged without any income to buy the medicines in case of the diabetes or dislocation of joint. In two months in the island, the first effort I made was to persuade the pharmaceutical companies and charity organizations to provide medical equipment and medicines necessary for the people in the island on a complementary basis by sending letters. Therefore, I was able to accumulate the available drugs provided without any cost. For example, I received the anti-hypertensive drug from xxx pharmaceutical company as much amount as the people in the island could utilize for about a year. This kind of efforts that I initiated might relieve the pain of disease to some degree. All the same, it was not enough to liberate them from the disease in an ultimate sense. As a result, I realized that we should develop the medicine to terminate the disease and produce effective drugs substantially in order for everyone to get benefits in terms of medical care. Besides, I want to dedicate myself to the improvement on the public health system in order those who are financially inviable to get medical support whenever they want. This is one of my objectives that I would like to accomplish as long as I am involved in the pharmaceutical company. I still make dear the certificate of achievement made by pupils small hands in the local primary school in xxx. Although it is made of rugged wood, it reminds me of the best memory for one year and two months when I spent in the island. Sometimes, it makes me feel proud of myself in that I dedicated myself to the honorable service such as medical treatment and operation. I will never and ever forget the royal summon that I felt from the bottom of my heart when I arrive in the island after xx hours of sailing in the rough sea in order to make a surgery of the finger which cut in half. When I followed a little girl who called me for her mother who passed out at dawn in the nippy winter as cold as 10 degree centigrade below zero, I felt the same fate deep inside of my heart, as well. The experience in the island, xxx, serves as the momentum for my lifetime goal to contribute to the harmonious society as a doctor, researcher in medicine, and the leader of public health and pharmaceutical field in the long term. Now that I look upon the experience in xxx as the most valuable career in my whole lif e, I will keep addressing this experience to my next generation over and over again in the rest of my life. 4.Describe your three most substantial accomplishments and explain why you view them as such. (600 words) My first accomplishment was the establishment of 129 Emergency Calling System on a full scale when I worked for the xxx. At first, the emergency center had nothing but the name when I was transferred from xxx the late May 19xx. Most of citizens were not aware of the existence of the center. In addition, the rate of utilization was nothing but 10 cases a day. During two years since 19xx, I made several attempts-to publicize the center in the local newspaper, make advertisements to the public, publish brochures, and visit the nursing home-in order to establish the solid foundation for this center. As a result, the rate of utilization rose up to 200 cases a day including medical consultation in the late of 19xx. In return for my efforts, I was granted the certificate of achievement from xxx Headquarters in 19xx. The decision to make this center flourished was primarily derived from the assessment over the poor condition of local medical attention. As a matter of fact, there are few systems efficient for the emergency and relatively small scale of medical benefit in the local area. For example, I have been able to witness the lack of emergent treatment led to the aggravation of the disease or even to a death several times since I worked for the xxx. Among them, I cannot forget the case of a farmer who died of excessive bleeding due to late arrival of medical staff. As a matter of fact, the people around the farmer didnt know what to do when the emergency came up. The farmer could have survived if one of his acquaintances had known the number of 129 Emergency Calling System, that is to say, 129. Ever since, I realized from the bottom of my heart the need for the PR of 129 Emergency Calling System to the public on a large scale. My efforts to the PR and medical consultation worked so well that I could be welcomed and supported by the community. I believe that it is worthwhile to save peoples lives with the help of every single effort that I made. My second accomplishment is surely the Ph.D. dissertation approved in September 19xx. On top of that, I am supposed to obtain the Ph.D. degree in xxx in February 20xx. Although this Ph.D. degree is my personal accomplishment, it is closely related to my lifetime goal to contribute to the harmonious society as a doctor, researcher in medicine, and the leader of public health and pharmaceutical field in the long term. The reason for studying pharmacology for six years and obtaining a Ph.D. degree is to dedicate myself to the reform of Korean phamaceutical industry in order to contribute to the majority of the community. Based on the firm conviction that the studies on pharmacology is critically necessary to achieve my goal, I have so far kept on the studies along with the work leaving the award ceremony of Ph.D. degree behind. With this Ph.D. degree, I am now qualified for an expert in the pharmaceutical field. If I add up the advanced knowledge and skill on business management and the leadership that I will learn from Harvard Business School, it is certain that I will be able to become one of the greatest managers in the pharmaceutical field in Korea. More specifically, the Ph.D. degree will be a great asset in achieving my goal- to create the cure-all, make a mass-production of drugs with good quality, provide medical attention for the financially inviable, and improve the public health system. In this context, the Ph.D. degree is one of the most important accomplishments that I have made up to now. My third accomplishment lies in the sales achievement and various experiences for about six months. The experience enabled me to confirm the potential of being a capable manager in a pharmaceutical company in the future. In addition, I inspired the product team members of the company, addressingJust do it.in order to solidify their confidence. When the article covering my story was introduced in the title of xxx in xxx,19xx, most of my acquaintances including my relatives and friends of mine were casting doubts on my decision with cynical voices. They didnt seem to understand my decision to go for a salesperson instead of being a medical director of pharmaceutical company or a professor in medical school. As a matter of fact, I was able to understand their doubts and concerns because I myself was afraid of my adventure more than anyone else. I, however, accomplished the return on sales as much as 210% of sales objective only after I had been involved in sales with local hospitals for about six months. As a result, I was appointed as a product manager in cozaar, an anti-hypertensive drug which came as the most important product of xxx Korea. It was the time when I was confident that my challenge will be carried out in the future. This experience, I certify, was more valuable accomplishment than the admission to medical school in xxx and the license of medical doctor as well as the Ph.D degree that I will be conferred in February, 20xx. Thats because I confirmed the chance of success in terms of my career development in the challenge that I took loyal pains during my life. 5. What are your career aspirations and why? How will you get there? (300 words) Upon graduation from Medical School in 19xx, I have consistently served in the pharmaceutical industry for the past 10 years on a continual basis, 3 years of military service since 19xx as a doctoral officer excluded. As soon as I graduated from the Medical School, I entered the course of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Medicine in the graduate school. After that, I served in the military as an officer in order to complete the Masters degree and review medical practices. When I made it into the Ph.D. program, I was able to get a job in a pharmaceutical company. I started my first job career as the manager in the Clinical Research Team, xxx pharmaceutical Co. in Korea. In fact, I was disappointed with the obsolete management system of Korean pharmaceutical companies and the passive attitude toward the development of brand-new medicine. As a result, I decided to transfer myself to the local subsidiary of overseas pharmaceutical company called xxx Korea in November 1996. Ever since, I have worked as a medical director for the field of drug development for about 2 years. After that, I applied for the xxx Korea, the current work, and got a job as a sales representative in February 19xx. Only 6 months later, I was able to get promoted to a product manager in recognition of the outcome of sales. The primary reason why I chose the sales and marketing department in xxx Korea is based on the fact that I came to the conclusion that obsolete and dogmatic management of Korean pharmaceutical companies and hospitals would undermine the development of medical industry. As far as my personal experience goes, the owners of Korean pharmaceutical companies are by no means specialists in this field. On top of that, most of them didnt seem to have a rational and efficient management skill. In particular, the lack of clinical research and backwardness of marketing management skill is the main obstacles that Korean pharmaceutical companies should tackle in the long term. Secondly, I have so far recognized the limitation of drug development in domestic pharmaceutical companies as well as overseas pharmaceutical companies located in Korea. Third, I wanted to experience the essence of sales and marketing in person as a sales representative in xxx Korea in order to strengthen the basis for the business management. Fourth, I was deeply moved by the ethical sales practice of xxx Korea that had been recognized as one of the most prestigious companies. Finally, I wanted to acquire the custom-oriented mind like Customer is the basis for sales and marketing. As a matter of fact, xxx, the president of xxx Korea, was sort of skeptical about my career since I had been basically involved in the drug development for 3 years. None the less, I was able to become a product manager as a medical doctor for the first time in Korea by eliminating every single doubt. Personally, I believe the success in life lies in a series of ordeal from bottom to top. In other words, su ccess stems from the process from the salesperson to the C.E.O of the company. Even though I may learn the advanced management skill of pharmaceutical company through on the job training as product manager in xxx Korea, it is certain that I will be able to obtain the necessary capability of manager in pharmaceutical company through systematic approach and studies in the MBA program. Like Korean saying Even the finest building built on the sand is bound to collapse in no time, I believe the MBA program in the U.S.A will provide me with a solid basis to grow up as a business manager in the future. To the best of belief and knowledge, now is the best time for me to obtain MBA degree in the light of my life goal now that I have so far experienced the field of research as well as sales, not to mention my career. The knowledge of medicine, basic science, and drug development as well as the understanding of pharmaceutical industries will serve as great asset in completing the MBA program at HBS. I would like to devote myself to the reform of Korean pharmaceutical industry with the advanced knowledge and skill on business management and the leadership that I will learn from your business school. Research Papers on Harvard Business School Application for MBA Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paperWhere Wild and West MeetThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized Testing

Billy Bristol Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Billy Bristol - Assignment Example There are two examples to support my answer. The profit is generated by deducting the total operating expenses from the gross profit. The gross profit is arrived at by deducting the cost of sales from the net sales. Since collections include revenues from prior or future accounting periods, cash collection is not the best basis for determining current period net income. Current period $10,000 collection for sales generated during the prior accounting period does not affect the current period net income (Berry, 2011). Likewise, expense payments may include expenses for future accounting periods. Consequently, an adjusting entry is made to include only the current (accrued) portion of the total expense payments in the computing the current accounting period’s net income. A payment of $1,200 insurance expense 2 years should adjust to only include $600 for the current period insurance expense. Based on the above financial statement analysis ratios, Brisbane fared financially bette r than Perth. Brisbane’s 38 % Gross profit margin is higher than Perth’s 25 gross profit margin. A higher gross profit ratio indicates a better financial or operations performance. Brisbane’s 7 % profit margin is higher than Perth’s profit margin. A higher profit ratio indicates a better financial or operations output. Brisbane’s 3.65 times current ratio is higher than Perth’s 2.92 times current ratio. This clearly shows that Brisbane’s has more current assets allocated to pay for the currently maturing liabilities.

Northeast Utilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Northeast Utilities - Research Paper Example This informs that five companies that were once independent constitute the Utility. In 2010, Northeast Utility further eluded their intention to merger with NSTAR but maintaining the title as Northeast Utility and this is still a subject of approval. It is worth noting that the company is listed in the Fortune 500 with the headquarters at Berlin, Connecticut. The company also runs several subsidiaries in the business of retailing electricity and natural gas. The company’s customer base in New England is about 2.1 million and this qualifies it to be one of the largest public utilities in New England (Hoover, 2012). In this regard, the company has electric transmission lines covering 3,140 miles with about 32, 802 distribution pole miles. Their natural gas distribution also covers an area of about 5,000 km2 (Murray, 2012). This utility serves the area of Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Western Massachusetts. With the figures shown relating to the company, it is evident that the company occupies a niche in the market and controls a significant share of the market. To ascertain this performance, the company has consistently features in the fortune 500 list, which ranks some of the best-reputed companies in terms of performanc e and profit making in the world. The industry involves supply of energy through electricity and the natural gases. Considering the 5-forces that are essential in shaping industrial competition, this industry is not an exception. In any business, it is very important to understand these forces so that one can identify the source of business strength and weaknesses so that the necessary adjustments can follow. In this case, this industry faces fierce competition from other companies providing similar products-competitive rivalry. This includes other companies like, First Energy, UIL Holdings, UNITIL, NSTAR, and EnerNOC (Murray, 2012). The

REPUBLIC of ANGOLA Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

REPUBLIC of ANGOLA - Research Proposal Example We will begin with an introduction which will provide an overview of this country, discuss key facts and situate Angola within the present context. Following this brief overview, we will discuss Angola today with relation to the history of this country and situate present-day Angola within a historical context. Aiming to provide as much explanatory power as possible, this historical overview will be comprehensive, exploratory and in-depth. Following this, we will focus on the major industries and services within Angola and discuss the economic engines of the Angolan economy. We will then discuss the present Angola situation in light of struggle for independence and a 27 year civil war. This research paper will then conclude with an overview of key economic facts and a summation of the present economic situation in Angola today. Angola, officially called the Republic of Angola, is a Portuguese-speaking Presidential Republic which gained independence from Portugal just over thirty three years ago in 1975. As a Portuguese-speaking country in Africa, Angola is just one of a handful of former Portuguese colonies on the continent which has kept the tongue and made it an official language (Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Sà £o Tomà © and Prà ­ncipe, and Equatorial Guinea are the other majority Portuguese-speaking countries of Africa). In order to understand Angola today it is essential that we understand her history and as the largest country in the African empire of Portugal, Angola was heavily influenced by the colonial tradition. Because it is so important, the history of Portuguese influence in Angola will be discussed in-depth below. We now turn to a concise overview of Angola today. As the largest and most populous country in Luso-Africa, Angola has an estimated population of nearly 13 million people. As mentioned above, Portuguese is the official language of the country but other languages are spoken amongst the

The Different Aspects of Employee Engagement Term Paper

The Different Aspects of Employee Engagement - Term Paper Example With the evolvement of the workplace and the workforce, organizations realize that to succeed in the search for talent, they have to first succeed in winning over employees through elements such as trust, justice, and perceptions and through practices that make their roles clear. Amongst the major factors that improve employee engagement are changing management and effective communication systems. Theorists have held that companies that can unlock the secrets of employee engagement can benefit from maximum profits (Vance, 2006). Literature Review Research has suggested that employee engagement and a high level of psychological well being of workers plays a major role in achieving organizational objectives related to successful and profitable organizations. The psychological well being of any company is directly associated with performance levels. Studies conducted by Folger and Cropanzano (1998) have revealed that workers experiencing higher levels of psychological well-being work be tter and that this well being is a superior forecaster of work performance than job satisfaction. According to Robinson et al (2004), employee engagement is defined as â€Å"A positive attitude held by the employee towards the organization and its values. An engaged employee is aware of business context and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organization† (Robinson et al, 2004, p.5). The concept of employee engagement was first introduced by Kahn (1990) whereby he held that in being engaged, employees are emotional, cognitively and physically involved while working in the organization. Another aspect of employee engagement is the flow relative to holistic sensations that are experienced by workers while performing their roles with complete involvement. This flow is the mental condition whereby a minimal distinction is made amongst the self and the working environment and while employees are in such flow, they do not need to exer t many conscious controls while working.  

The Different Aspects of Employee Engagement Term Paper

The Different Aspects of Employee Engagement - Term Paper Example With the evolvement of the workplace and the workforce, organizations realize that to succeed in the search for talent, they have to first succeed in winning over employees through elements such as trust, justice, and perceptions and through practices that make their roles clear. Amongst the major factors that improve employee engagement are changing management and effective communication systems. Theorists have held that companies that can unlock the secrets of employee engagement can benefit from maximum profits (Vance, 2006). Literature Review Research has suggested that employee engagement and a high level of psychological well being of workers plays a major role in achieving organizational objectives related to successful and profitable organizations. The psychological well being of any company is directly associated with performance levels. Studies conducted by Folger and Cropanzano (1998) have revealed that workers experiencing higher levels of psychological well-being work be tter and that this well being is a superior forecaster of work performance than job satisfaction. According to Robinson et al (2004), employee engagement is defined as â€Å"A positive attitude held by the employee towards the organization and its values. An engaged employee is aware of business context and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organization† (Robinson et al, 2004, p.5). The concept of employee engagement was first introduced by Kahn (1990) whereby he held that in being engaged, employees are emotional, cognitively and physically involved while working in the organization. Another aspect of employee engagement is the flow relative to holistic sensations that are experienced by workers while performing their roles with complete involvement. This flow is the mental condition whereby a minimal distinction is made amongst the self and the working environment and while employees are in such flow, they do not need to exer t many conscious controls while working.  

The changing of Dim Sum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The changing of Dim Sum - Essay Example This paper will thus focus on the Dim Sum as a Chinese delicacy or food and the cultural weight and implication it bears relative to the Chinese people. Thus, just as the cultural tenets and principles of people do change, so does the Dim Sum as a delicacy and important treat of a meal (Nahm, 152). To begin with, the words Dim Sum in the loosest of translations refers to a light touch on the heart. In the past society and generations, dim sum was served as a unifying meal. This happened since the delicacy revives feelings of friendship in the good way. Just as culture is learnt and shared from one generation to the next, the dim sum as a concept has also been passed from one generation to the next (Watson and Melissa, 7). This means that even the ingredients and spices that were used to make the original dim sum are slightly different from the subsequent ones. For instance, in the ancient times, dim sum was treated in a casual manner where acquaintances, family and friends shared as an equivalent of â€Å"tea testing.† Dim sum was often served to the friends when they were waiting for the main meal, thus it was used as an appetizer. In principle, the preparation of the dim sum included spices such as prawn, chicken, dumplings, rice noodle rolls which are known as  "cheong fun† (Fung, Hung-Gay, Derrick and Yau, 19). As the times have changed, chefs and most restaurants have introduced pork and vegetables to and spice and give variety to consumers. This is aimed at responding to the people who may not be consumers of meat thus, allowing them the option of having dim sum in the form of vegetables (Alperson, 23). This has been necessitated by changing demands of the people in the society who are strict vegetarians but would still wish to enjoy their exquisite cuisine. It is important to note and mention that the traditional society did serve dim sum for the better part of the morning up to mid-afternoon. However, in the face of the changing dynamic times,

A critical analysis of a patient's journey through PICU from a nursing Essay

A critical analysis of a patient's journey through PICU from a nursing perspective - Essay Example Because of the impact of being in an area like the ICU and besides the routine responsibilities, paediatric ICU nurses are required to be â€Å"continually tuned in to the immediate recognition of any disruption in the child’s condition† (Carnevale, 2007, p. 68). They are ought to coordinate with the other members of the medical team who are expected to work together to alleviate the condition of the patient as well as to deal with the family of those who are under their care (Morton, 2002). In this paper, a nurse’s point of view about the journey of a patient Baby X will be assessed while taking into account many aspects of the care. There are a number of patients in the paediatric ICU; each of which with unique cases from the others. The reason why Baby X’s case and care was chosen is mainly to apply critical analysis on how the nursing strategies directed to the patient in coordination with the medical team, its effects on the family’s involvement and the consequences of these put together have led to the improvement of his health. Specifically, the paper would focus on the episode of Baby X’s stay where he had to be tracheostomized. The analysis would consider how the medical team reached the decision; how the nursing care affected the decision and the care before and after the procedure; and the reaction of the family [especially the mother who was doubtful at first] prior to the intervention and after it had been found out that it had helped. Baby X and the rest of the triplets were born expreterm on July 27, 2009. They were only at their 26th week of gestation when they went out. Like him, most of the preterm or premature babies who are born before the 37th week of gestation (Cadwell & Turner-Maffei, 2006) are prone to many complications as they are given birth before full maturation of almost all their body parts. Baby X was admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit last December 12, 2009 for suffering an array of

The Different Aspects of Employee Engagement Term Paper

The Different Aspects of Employee Engagement - Term Paper Example With the evolvement of the workplace and the workforce, organizations realize that to succeed in the search for talent, they have to first succeed in winning over employees through elements such as trust, justice, and perceptions and through practices that make their roles clear. Amongst the major factors that improve employee engagement are changing management and effective communication systems. Theorists have held that companies that can unlock the secrets of employee engagement can benefit from maximum profits (Vance, 2006). Literature Review Research has suggested that employee engagement and a high level of psychological well being of workers plays a major role in achieving organizational objectives related to successful and profitable organizations. The psychological well being of any company is directly associated with performance levels. Studies conducted by Folger and Cropanzano (1998) have revealed that workers experiencing higher levels of psychological well-being work be tter and that this well being is a superior forecaster of work performance than job satisfaction. According to Robinson et al (2004), employee engagement is defined as â€Å"A positive attitude held by the employee towards the organization and its values. An engaged employee is aware of business context and works with colleagues to improve performance within the job for the benefit of the organization† (Robinson et al, 2004, p.5). The concept of employee engagement was first introduced by Kahn (1990) whereby he held that in being engaged, employees are emotional, cognitively and physically involved while working in the organization. Another aspect of employee engagement is the flow relative to holistic sensations that are experienced by workers while performing their roles with complete involvement. This flow is the mental condition whereby a minimal distinction is made amongst the self and the working environment and while employees are in such flow, they do not need to exer t many conscious controls while working.  

A critical analysis of a patient's journey through PICU from a nursing Essay

A critical analysis of a patient's journey through PICU from a nursing perspective - Essay Example Because of the impact of being in an area like the ICU and besides the routine responsibilities, paediatric ICU nurses are required to be â€Å"continually tuned in to the immediate recognition of any disruption in the child’s condition† (Carnevale, 2007, p. 68). They are ought to coordinate with the other members of the medical team who are expected to work together to alleviate the condition of the patient as well as to deal with the family of those who are under their care (Morton, 2002). In this paper, a nurse’s point of view about the journey of a patient Baby X will be assessed while taking into account many aspects of the care. There are a number of patients in the paediatric ICU; each of which with unique cases from the others. The reason why Baby X’s case and care was chosen is mainly to apply critical analysis on how the nursing strategies directed to the patient in coordination with the medical team, its effects on the family’s involvement and the consequences of these put together have led to the improvement of his health. Specifically, the paper would focus on the episode of Baby X’s stay where he had to be tracheostomized. The analysis would consider how the medical team reached the decision; how the nursing care affected the decision and the care before and after the procedure; and the reaction of the family [especially the mother who was doubtful at first] prior to the intervention and after it had been found out that it had helped. Baby X and the rest of the triplets were born expreterm on July 27, 2009. They were only at their 26th week of gestation when they went out. Like him, most of the preterm or premature babies who are born before the 37th week of gestation (Cadwell & Turner-Maffei, 2006) are prone to many complications as they are given birth before full maturation of almost all their body parts. Baby X was admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit last December 12, 2009 for suffering an array of

Transition From Authoritian Rule In Argentina Essay Example for Free

Transition From Authoritian Rule In Argentina Essay The transition of governments between various systems of rule is an on-going and never-ending process.   Every geopolitical entity in the world is under some form of government, be it barbarian or advanced, and no two governmental systems function in exactly the same way.    The system of government used in a certain area, territory or country is highly dependant upon the experience of those governed with the systems of governments in place in the past.   Because of the unique occurrences in history, no two entities will experience periods of transition between various forms of government in exactly the same way. Even those countries that are geographically close and share similar histories will experience differing periods of transition.   Although great differences exist, however, many similarities can also be drawn between nations that are seemingly worlds apart.   After World War II, both Argentina and Brazil experienced periods of authoritarian rule.   Both nations came under authoritarian rule and later evolved from authoritarian rule in differing manners.   Therefore, through the practice of drawing contrasts and comparisons, it becomes apparent in what ways the current practice of democracy in Brazil and Argentina is different because of each country’s former experience with authoritarian rule. Introduction Although close geographically, Argentina and Brazil experienced vastly different evolutions in their form of governance in the period following World War II.   Because the similarity in the governmental history of Argentina and Brazil lies in their shared experience of authoritarian rule, it is important, first, to understand the ramifications of that form of government.   The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines the term â€Å"authoritarian† by describing it as â€Å"of, relating to, or favoring a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally responsible to the people†.   (Merriam-Webster, 2007)   To interpret this definition within the bounds of the research question at hand, it is important to draw out two portions of that definition. First, consider the phrase â€Å"concentration of power†.   Unlike decentralized power that spreads rule amongst many, authoritarian rule places all power squarely upon the minority in power.   Next, the key phrase most important in defining â€Å"authoritarian† is that the concentrated power is held by â€Å"a leader or an elite†.   Again, this is the minority that holds a majority of the power.   Finally, consider the phrase that authoritarian rule is â€Å"not constitutionally responsible to the people†.   This could indicate that the government is not duly elected by the people through a constitutionally-defined format, or that once elected, there are no checks and balances by which a full accounting of activities can be demanded by the people. To further fully explore both similarities and differences in the affect of authoritarian rule on later rule, it is important to define the difference between democratization of a nation and liberalization of a nation, because both political processes affect populations in a vastly different manner.   According to Wikipedia, democratization â€Å"is the transition from an authoritarian or a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system†.   (Wikipedia, 2007)   In contrast, liberalization â€Å"refers to a relaxation of previous government restrictions, usually in areas of social or economic policy†.   (Wikipedia, 2007) It is possible, therefore, for democratization and liberalization to work hand in hand as a geopolitical entity transitions its form of government away from authoritarian rule, but it is not necessarily true that one requires the other.   For example, a country can simply relax its set governmental activities without actual changing its form of rule. Authors Guillermo ODonnell and Philippe C. Schmitter state in their work entitled â€Å"Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies† that â€Å"liberalization can exist without democratization†.   (O’Donnell Schmitter, 10)   But while liberalization does not necessarily need democratization, the authors go on to state that â€Å"in all experiences examined, the attainment of political democracy was preceded by a significant, if unsteady, liberalization†.   (O’Donnell Schmitter, 10)   Therefore, the true difference between liberalization and democratization must consider the influence one has upon the other. To understand the state of politics in South America today, one must first understand the basis from which it has evolved, and then its process for evolution.   This paper will first examine the varying forms of governance in Argentina and Brazil prior to authoritarian rule.   Next this paper will study how authoritarian rule came into being in Argentina and Brazil.   Further, this paper will explore how authoritarian rule in Argentina and Brazil gave way to other forms of governance.   And finally, the present-day political climate will be examined in both Argentina and Brazil, in light of the history from which both countries have evolved. Argentina vs. Brazil: Governance Prior to Authoritarian Rule   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argentina and Brazil became independent nations in 1816 and 1822 respectively.   During this similar time period, Argentina separated from Spanish rule, while Brazil broke from the rule of the Portuguese.   Both countries, according to the CIA World Factbook, were both heavily influenced by European powers, both at their period of separation and to the present day.    In South America, Brazil is the largest nation, and currently the most populous.   Argentina’s political and societal history was largely shaped by Italian and Spanish immigrants that continued to stream in until the 1930s.   (CIA World Factbook, 2007)   The forms of government employed by Argentina and Brazil differed, however, after each nation was granted its independence and before the institution of authoritarian rule.   Both nations separated from countries with forms of government far different than they, themselves, would adopt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Author David Rock, in his work entitled Argentina in the Twentieth Century, explains that â€Å"the period between 1890 and 1930 in Argentina marked the rise to a position of national dominance of one of Argentinas leading political parties, the Unià ³n Cà ­vica Radical, or Radicalism†.   (Rock, 66)   Conservative rule in Argentina gave way to the rule of the Radical party in 1916, and it is that party that ruled until being overthrown in favor of an authoritarian government in 1930.    Rock states that â€Å"At one time it was thought simply that Radicalism was the political vehicle for the Argentine middle classes. However, more recently it has been shown that the partys origins are to be traced to a coalition between the middle classes and segments of the land-based elite†.   (Rock, 67)   A coalition between the middle classes thought to be the backbone of the Radical Party and the â€Å"land-based elite† is significant, because it was the â€Å"land-based elite† that were in rule as a conservative power both before the Radical party took control in 1916 and after it was overthrown in 1930.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite an apparent coalition between dissimilar factions, the CIA World Factbook reports that â€Å"up until about the mid-20th century, much of Argentinas history was dominated by periods of internal political conflict between Federalists and Unitarians and between civilian and military factions†.   (CIA World Factbook, 2007)   This conflict refers both to the transfers of power in 1916 and 1930 as well as the strife that continued in the intervening period of fourteen years.   While the Radical party was in power, Argentina enjoyed a policy of free trade, allowing a strong exporting economy to develop and aiding in the financial development of the country. The tie between the middle-class bases and the â€Å"land-based elite† can be illustrated even in this policy of free trade, as Rock states that â€Å"this system was undermined by the inherent tendency of the primary export economy to concentrate economic power and opportunities narrowly in the hands of the landed groups and foreign capital†.   (Rock, 68)   Despite progress made in the advancement of the interests of Brazil during the period prior to 1930, the overall stability of the Radical party’s governance was shaky at best, and laid the ground work for transition to authoritarianism in 1930.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brazil employed a more representative form of government earlier on than Argentina, when a republic was established in 1889.   The republic of Brazil, formally named the Republic of the United States of Brazil by the constitution drafted and enacted in 1891, was lead by a constitutionally democratic government that employed a twist – unlike a traditional democracy, such as the United States, the original leaders during this period of time in Brazil were not elected popularly. Instead, power was seized during a coup d’etat and leaders were appointed.   Wikipedia develops the important point that during this period of time, the government of Brazil decentralized and â€Å"restored autonomy to the provinces†.   (Wikipedia, 2007) The major challenge to the ruling party of Brazil prior to 1930 was one of legitimacy: â€Å"how could an illegal, treasonous act (the coup d’etat) establish a legal political order?†Ã‚   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Unlike in Argentina, where a disparity between the â€Å"land-based elite† and those without land led to the government’s eventual overthrow, Brazil’s future can be seen by the fact that the rise of the Republic also led to the strengthening of the state-sponsored Army – the same Army that would precipitate the turn to authoritarian rule in the 1930s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although a Republic, albeit with initial leaders installed instead of elected, future Brazilian elections did not enjoy the popular support of the people as was seen elsewhere, notably Argentina.   As the road was traveled towards authoritarian rule, â€Å"throughout the 1920s, only between 2.3% and 3.4% of the total population voted.†Ã‚   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Hardly, then, a representative government, Brazil continued to struggle with the question of the legitimacy of its republic.   With that low participation recorded, any decisions made by the government feel to criticism and skepticism.   Although this question of legitimacy would ultimately hurt the concept of a constitutional democracy during that period of time, the Army continued to strengthen with its power checked only nominally by the government and the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Argentina and Brazil share similarities and differences in their history prior to the 1930s.   One notably similarity is the continued instability of government that ensued during the period prior to the transition to authoritarian rule.   This is tempered, however, by differing causes for instability; notably dissention between the ruling party and the landed, in Argentina, and the ruling part and military factions, in Brazil.   Like Argentina, Brazil enjoyed wealth through exportation during the period prior to 1930.   Unlike Argentina, however, Brazil failed to account for the agricultural needs of its own countrymen before exportation, and thus was forced to import many products.   These factors all lead to the laying of the path to authoritarianism.    Argentina vs. Brazil: How Authoritarian Governments Came into Power One of the leading exportation products of Brazil prior to 1930 was coffee.   After the crash of the American stock market in 1929, the Great Depression experienced in North American had a trickle-down affect on the economies of South America.   The prices paid for coffee, and thus the revenue gained from the exportation of coffee, was slashed by one third initially and later by two thirds.   With such a gross decline in profitability, the exportation economy as a whole was affected.   Any money held in reserve by the government to equalize pricing was tapped and emptied.   And thus, the country of Brazil was ripe for revolution.   (Wikipedia, 2007) Revolution came in 1930 when Getulio Dornelles Vargas came to power in a legitimate election gained through strategic alliances throughout Brazil.   A non-bloody revolution, the changeover was simply one of ideologies.   Vargas’ rule was to be one interim in nature – during his fifteen years in power, his rule gradually became less open and more repressive.   Wikipedia characterizes this change in his pattern of rule as â€Å"‘a legal hybrid’ between the regimes of Mussolinis Italy and Salazars Portuguese Estado Nà ´vo, copied repressive fascist tactics, and conveyed their same rejection of liberal capitalism, but attained power baring few indications of his future quasi-fascist polices†.   (Wikipedia, 2007}   While in power, Vargas thoroughly rejected the values of Communism – they were in direct contrast with his support of the landed elite – and instead espoused the fascist notions that would help to lock in and retain the power he had grown as the leader of Brazil. The decentralization that had occurred in Brazil before 1930 was gradually eroded, laying open the path to authoritarian rule.   The policies enacted by Vargas included the enactment of â€Å"one of the highest tariffs in the world and constructed a heavily regulated and increasingly centralized economy†.   (Rock, 16)   David Rock, in his work entitled Latin America in the 1940s, went on to outline that Brazil and nearby Argentina experienced changes in economies during the time of World War II, stating that â€Å"although they could no longer import capital goods and raw materials, the industrial producers of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and other countries managed to increase production†.   (Rock, 18)   As such, both Argentina and Brazil benefited by the demands of war.   The turn to authoritarianism between the two countries would differ, however, in the way in which military regimes lead to the transfer of power. Philippe Faucher, in his work entitled â€Å"Authoritarian Capitalism: Brazils Contemporary Economic and Political Development†, states that â€Å"when the dictatorship first came to power [in Brazil] it appeared that it would follow the same course as other military dictatorships†.   (Faucher, 11)   This was not to be the case, however.   Army strength built in Brazil for many years, both pre- and post-World War II.   But it would not be until 1964 that a military power decisively came to power in Brazil, many years after the start of rumblings in 1930.   In between, militaristic periods ensued, interspersed with periods of quasi-democratic rule. In 1964, Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, then Brazil’s Army Chief of Staff, came to power.   He skillfully dealt with challenges to his power by making many changes to the government, including removing long-serving governors and representatives and adding power to the presidency.   Although his intent was solely to limit challenges, he instead installed the groundwork for a military dictatorship.   Wikipedia states that his measures â€Å"provided the successor governments of Marshal Artur da Costa e Silva (1967–69) and General Emà ­lio Garrastazu Mà ©dici (1969–74) with a basis for authoritarian rule†.   (Wikipedia, 2007) Meanwhile, in Argentina, a coup d’etat was enacted, quite in contrast with the bloodless transitions of power in Brazil.   Authors Benjamin Most and Lynne Rienner, in their work entitled â€Å"Changing Authoritarian Rule and Public Policy in Argentina, 1930-1970†, state that the military coup of 1930 â€Å"ended middle-class rule in Argentina and reestablished the political domination of Argentinas conservative, export-oriented landed elites and their allies among the export-related industrialists.†Ã‚   (Most Rienner, 46) While Brazil bounced between authoritarian and quasi-democratic rule for more than three decades, Argentina entered a period, in 1930, of different forms of authoritarian government.   This period would last until the mid 1970s.   It is important to look at the variety of forms of authoritarianism that prevailed in Argentina during this 40 year period, as it is indicative of the basic needs and desires of the Argentinean population during that time. Most and Rienner, outlining another work of Guillermo O’Donnell, delineate that Argentina experienced periods of traditional authoritarian rule, populist authoritarian rule, non-dominant rule, and bureaucratic-authoritarian rule.   During those four periods, the dominant coalition was first export industrialists, then domestic industrialists, then non-dominant coalitions, and finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   more militaristic rule.   Interestingly, Most and Rienner, quoting O’Donnell, show the beginning of more militaristic rule in 1966, coinciding with Brazil’s own turn towards militaristic rule.   Although history shows the first strongly authoritarian rule in Brazil to have been military-affiliated, the comparison does not draw to Argentinean rule.    Instead, power couple Juan and Eva Peron, who would later be fictionalized and characterized in the stage and film productions of Evita, were the most noted rulers during authoritarian rule in Argentina.   Most and Rienner state that the populist coalition – an authoritarian government that sought to identify with the masses – was â€Å"mobilized and dominated† by Juan Peron.   Peron ruled until being overthrown by a militarily-influenced regime in 1955, shortly after terrible droughts affected the country and also shortly the death of his wife, Eva.   One can almost hear the strains of â€Å"Don’t Cry for Me, Argentina† when contemplating the fate of that nation after the change in regime in 1955. Instead, the period from 1955 until 1966 proved to be almost without notably occurrence, as no strong leadership emerged.   Although authoritarian rule lasted yet several decades longer, the instability begun in 1955 would begin the way out of authoritarian rule in Argentina.   Similarly, continued instability in Brazil would lead to the same, albeit later than the emergence of Argentina from authoritarian rule. Argentina vs. Brazil: How Authoritarian Governments Gave Way to Other Governance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Powerful to varying extents in Argentina and Brazil, the time nevertheless came for authoritarian rule to end in both countries.   Like their descent into and experience with authoritarian rule, Argentina and Brazil left behind the constraints of that form of government in varying manners and with varying levels of difficulty.   Indeed, the most marked difference in the changes in rule in Argentina and Brazil is the steps and timelines followed by each in the 1970s and 1980s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Authors Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan note the following in their work entitled â€Å"Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe†: â€Å"Brazil has experienced the most difficulty in consolidating democracy†.   (Linz Stepan, 166)   Linz and Stepan go on after that telling statement to breakdown a variables in Brazil that could have lead to its difficulty in transitioning, but arrive at the conclusion that those variables – including overwhelming debt and the affect of military rule – are not so significantly different than situations faced by other transitioning governments so as to set Brazil apart.    Instead, they arrive at a separate conclusion: that â€Å"the major distinctive problem in Brazil concerns our variable of the political economy of legitimacy†.   (Linz Stepan, 166)   As alluded to in the section dealing with Brazil’s governmental type dating to the beginning of the twentieth century, the largest stumbling block was one of legitimacy.   Through regime after regime, leader after leader, Brazil continued to experience a strong enough, popularly backed official to bring an aura of legitimacy to its government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A further stumbling block to Brazil in their quest to realize a democratic rule after the end of authoritarianism was the fact that historically, Brazil â€Å"had the least structured system of political parties†, in comparison to other South American countries studied.   (Linz Stepan, 167)   This lack of structure was clearly illustrated by the continual bouncing between authoritarian and non-authoritarian rule during the period following World War II. Because a coalition of any real strength failed to materialize to decisively lead Brazil out of the dark authoritarian rule and into the light of democracy, its transition period was prolonged.   Finally, Linz and Stepan note that the constitution put into place in the late nineteenth century proved again to be inadequate in light of the caste-like society in Brazil, where the disparity between the classes was stark.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The question remains, then, as to how Brazil eventually did cast aside authoritarian rule in favor of democratization.   The answer, it seems, resides in the differentiation of liberalization and democratization.   Linz and Stepan note that â€Å"the Brazilian transition from authoritarianism began†¦[in] 1974†¦[and]was not completed until†¦1990†.   (Linz Stepan, 167-168) Sixteen years of transition is demarcated by initial efforts made in 1974 by General Ernesto Geisel, who set out to institute â€Å"controlled liberalization† in order to aid the country in moving forward alongside South American neighbors then doing the same.   Although liberalization was first introduced in the mid-1970s, democratization did not catch up for quite awhile.   In the intervening years, many changes rocked Brazil, but a sign of true democratization was to come when in 1990, President Fernando Collor de Mello was directly and popularly elected by the people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The movement of the people that made the direct and popular election of Mello possible in 1990 began in early 1984.   As was characteristic of the entire Brazilian transition from authoritarian rule to democracy, the period of time necessary to enact change was lengthy.   Linz and Stepan write that â€Å"from February to June 1984, Brazil experienced the most sustained and massive political movement in its history – the campaign for Directas Ja, or Direct Elections Now†.   (Linz Stepan, 168)    Although significant portions of both the political and civil realms in Brazil were in favor of a change to a system of direct elections, and although, in fact, no major group voiced opposition to direct elections, the wheels of democratization turned slowly.   The military regime then in place insisted upon exerting a final show of power, and thus the elections of 1985 – the first opportunity for a non-military government since 1964 – were still conducted by indirect vote.   More political drama ensued when the elected president died before assuming office, and his vice-president served at the displeasure of many.   Slow but not stopped, however, was the march towards full democracy, and so Mello was elected in 1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Linz and Stepan also spend significant time in analyzing the regime change from authoritarian rule to democracy in Argentina.   One of the first similarities noted was that Argentina emerged from authoritarian rule, similarly to Brazil, by shedding the remains of military rule.   While Brazil’s military rule uttered its dying gasp by blocking a direct election, Argentina saw a more-bloody grasp at remaining in power.   Indeed, Linz and Stepan write that â€Å"while the overall regime lacked the coherence of ideology and organization of a totalitarian regime, many of the military’s statements about the need to exterminate their enemies had a totalitarian edge†.   (Linz Stepan, 190)    In fact, more than â€Å"three hundred times more people per capita disappeared in Argentina than in Brazil†.   (Linz Stepan, 190)   While Brazil’s military may have created stumbling blocks, its leaders were at least working towards liberalization.   In contrast, Argentina’s military rulers wanted no part in that initiative and sought to control power by eliminating the competition.   A further contrast drawn by Linz and Stepan was that â€Å"the military never created parties or held elections as in Brazil†.   (Linz Stepan, 190)   Indeed, while the rule in Brazil was farsighted and thought out an eventual change in rule, the Argentinean model of military rule sought to hold tight to power for as long as possible without regard to the benefits that may be inherent in change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Linz and Stepan outline five consequences of the fact that the military held so tightly to power, and in fact was able to stay in power for a full eighteen months after their defeat.   First, the span of eighteen months between defeat and the secession of power meant â€Å"the possibility of revolutionary policies was precluded†.   (Linz Stepan, 192)   Second, although the military in its dying gasp held on to power far longer than anticipated, it was weakened by a fear of conflict caused internally.   This fear was rightfully backed by practicality – for any hope of power to remain, any internal division would be deadly. Third, the continued show of power by the military was rebutted when the incoming regime prosecuted military officers vigorously for human rights violations.   Fourth, the violence exhibited by the military against any adversaries tarnished any future hope of partnerships with the incoming democratic government.   And finally, the prosecution of military officers almost led to an undoing of the democratic process, as uprising after uprising by other military officers drew President Raul Alfonsin’s attention away from other critical issues and forced concessions that reflected poorly on a newly-democratic government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although tenuous at the start, the turmoil experienced in both Brazil and Argentina was weathered by the democratic governments so longed for during authoritarian rule.   Authors Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman offer insight as to why democratization was such an arduous process in Argentina and Brazil, saying that â€Å"in non-crisis circumstances, incumbent authoritarian leaders tend to enjoy greater leverage†.   (Haggard Kaufman, 78)   Obviously, the leverage for the authoritarian leaders in Argentina and Brazil suffered because crises did occur, including financial downfalls that caused the economies of both countries to suffer.   But perhaps those crises were in fact beneficial, in providing the impetus necessary for regime change to occur. Argentina vs. Brazil: Today’s Political Climate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In present-day Brazil, the CIA World Factbook lists the type of government as federative republic.   In fact, the formal name for the nation is the Federative Republic of Brazil.   The current constitution was enacted in 1988 towards the end of rule by the last non-directly elected ruler.   Interestingly, in a nation that once experienced dismal election turnout rates, voting is now required between the ages of 18 and 70, with the exception of military conscripts, who do not vote. Similarly to the United States, presidential elections are held now every four years.   On the economic front, a country once plagued by enough debt to threaten a complete collapse of government is now growing at a rate of 2.2% per year.   The Factbook quotes that while domestic and international economic shocks have affected the overall economy, the fact â€Å"that Brazil absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to the resiliency of the Brazilian economy.†Ã‚   (CIA World Factbook, 2007)   Each president elected since 1990 has introduced initiatives to further strengthen the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand the full extent of where Brazil is politically today, one must first understand the type of government now in rule.   The basic tenet of a federative republic is that the popularly elected president is both the head of state and head of government.   The election of presidents and legislators is enabled by a multiparty system in a federative republic.   In current-day Brazil, this multiparty system is exhibited by the fact that more than one dozen political parties are currently represented in the legislature, and the president and vice-president were elected from separate political parties. Although the legislative and executive branches of the government work closely together, the judiciary is set apart.   In looking for a cause for this separation of the third wheel of government, it can be presumed that it is to ensure complete independence in the rulings handed down and that those rulings are not influenced by ruling members of the legislature or the president himself.   After so many years of military rule interspersed with weak quasi-democratic rule, it can be easily seen that the setting apart of the judiciary is a stabilizing move.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present-day government of Argentina has developed similarly to that of Brazil.   In a slight departure, the CIA World Factbook lists Argentina as simply a republic instead of a federative republic.   More practically stated, Argentina is currently a representative democracy.   Unlike Brazil, the current constitution in Argentina was the one originally enacted in 1853; it has, however, been amended numerous times.   In a very similar electoral process to Brazil, presidential and vice presidential candidates are elected to four year terms.   Also similarly to Brazil, the president is both the head of state and head of government.   A final similarity is that voting is also compulsory for anyone above the age of 18.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The roots of today’s Argentinean government can be more clearly seen in the history of Argentina than can be traced in Brazil.   One of the two largest political parties in power today is the Radical Civic Union, which formerly ruled in Argentina from 1916-1930.   The efforts of this party and the popular support among the masses have sustained its power throughout more than a century from its founding in 1890 and its cause of supporting and enhancing the well-being of the middle class remains relevant in the current political climate.    The other of the two largest political parties also has a clear historical tie.   Called the Partido Justicialista, or Judicialist Party, the platform arose from the efforts of overthrown Juan Peron and his efforts â€Å"to expand the role of labor in the political process† during the 1940s.   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Once a country divided by vast differences in social classes, the two largest political parties now place utmost emphasis on the middle and working classes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brazil and Argentina both enjoy a bicameral legislature composed very similar to that of the House of Representatives and Senate of the United States of America.   In Brazil, the legislature is called the Congresso Nacional, or National Congress.   The two houses of legislature within are called the Senado Federal or Federal Senate, and the Camara dos Deputados or Chamber of Deputies.   The members of the Senate serve eight year terms, with one-third elected during the first four year election and two-thirds elected during the second four year election.   Three Senators are selected from each Federal district, totaling 81 altogether. The Chamber of Deputies are elected to four year terms and represent their Federal district proportionate to population, totaling 513 altogether.   The vast number of political parties represented in the Brazilian government is a sure sign of the people that they want to ensure representation for all – representation that was missing during period of authoritarian rule in Brazil’s history. The Argentinean legislative branch is set up and named in the same way as Brazil, with slight variances occurring in the number of representatives and length of terms..   The Senate of Argentina boasts 72 representatives elected to six-year terms, with one-third up for election every other year.   The Chamber of Deputies in Argentina counts 257 representatives who are elected to four year terms, with half up for election every other year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The judiciary, as mentioned prior, is set apart in terms of rule from the other two bodies of government in Brazil.   It is not quite so separate in Argentina.   In both countries, members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president for life and confirmed by the legislature.   In Brazil, however, life ends at 70; at that age, judges are mandatorily retired.   On key difference in the appointment of judges between Brazil and Argentina is that judges in Argentina can be deposed by the legislature; this is not the case in Brazil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A lasting legacy in Argentina is the current role of the military in overall society.   Having experienced gross tyranny under military rule for so many years and with bloodshed that affected such a wide population, there is understandable fear of an overly powerful military.   Therefore, the military is â€Å"firmly under civilian control†.   (Wikipedia, 2007)   Once a force that completely disregarded human rights and sought only to maintain the largest extent of power possible, the Argentinean military is now a greatly downsized force with only volunteer soldiers.   Conscription in the Argentinean military was abolished in 2001, further giving control to the civilian sector. The history of Brazil speaks more kindly to the rule of military forces, and as such, the influence of the military on the present-day democracy of Brazil is different from that experienced in Argentina.   Conscription in the Brazilian military is still compulsory; males between the ages of 21 and 45 must serve a term of between nine and twelve months, but can volunteer for this service as young as 17.   Women are also allowed and encouraged to serve in the armed forces of Brazil. At any given time, 33 million men and 38 million women are deemed fit for military service; only a small percentage of that actually serve at any given time.   This figure is roughly five times the number of men and women in Argentina considered fit for service.   Brazil also outspends Argentina in the upkeep of military forces by a ratio of two to one.   This may change in the future, however, as the continually stabilizing economy of Argentina launched what is called â€Å"plan 2000† in 2005 to make its forces more prepared for any needs the country requires.   (CIA World Factbook, 2007) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By all appearances, the governments of Argentina and Brazil have successfully transitioned out of authoritarian rule and into democratic bodies.   This transition, as illustrated by the many examples of this paper, has not come easily or quickly.   Both nations experienced much strife in the twentieth century, which has carried on some levels into the twenty-first century.   In the end, however, the power of the people prevailed in both countries, and democracy changed from a fleeting form of government experienced only sporadically in the past to a strong form of rule which has a secure future. The future of both Argentina and Brazil is not pre-determined, however, any more than the various forms of rule in the past was pre-determined.   Instead, continued struggles will ensue as the democracies in place grow and age and are tested by circumstances yet unforeseen.   In Brazil, the democracy is still only just over twenty years old, and only a few years older in Argentina. By comparison, when the democracy of the United States of America was just over thirty years old, a war was being fought with the former mother-land in the War of 1812; when the democracy of the United States of America was just under 100 years old, a civil war was fought that proved to be the toughest challenge to the future of democracy ever though possible.   And yet the United States of American has prevailed with a democracy considered the strongest in the world. As the democracies of Brazil and Argentina age to thirty, forty, fifty and a hundred years old, challenges will arise to test legitimacy and strength of power.   However, Brazil and Argentina took a far different path to democracy than did the United States of America.   Because of the trials and turmoil already experienced through authoritarian rule, it is likely that the governments of Argentina and Brazil will be well-prepared to take on the challenges of the future. It is in looking forward that it becomes necessary to define one further term: that of foresight.   Foresight can be defined as using the lessons of the past with the realities of the present to plan for the future.   Both Brazil and Argentina are steeped in rich lessons of past forms of governmental rule; by remembering those histories and tempering them with current circumstances, the nations will be well-equipped to face the future.   Those futures will likely continue on different paths, however, based again on lessons and examples of the past.   Most importantly, the future of democracy, similarly to the current practice of democracy in Brazil and Argentina, will continue to differ because of each country’s former experience with authoritarian rule. References Argentina. (2007) CIA World Factbook   Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html. Bruneau, T.C., Faucher, P. (Eds.). (1981). Authoritarian Capitalism: Brazil’s Contemporary Economic and Political Development. Boulder: Westview Press. Brazil. (2007). CIA World Factbook.   Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html. Democratization. (2007).Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Democratization. Haggard, S. Kaufman, R. (1999). The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions.   In â€Å"Transitions to Democracy†, ed. Lisa Anderson.   New York: Columbia University Press. History of Brazil, 1889-1930.   (2007). Wikipedia.   Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1889-1930). History of Brazil, 1930-1945.   (2007). Wikipedia.   Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1830-1945). History of Brazil, 1945-1964.   (2007). Wikipedia.   Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1945-1964). Liberalization. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalization. Linz, J.J. Stepan, A. (1996). Problems of Democrative Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe.   Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. (2007). Retrieved electronically on April 7, 2007 from http://www.webster.com/dictionary/. Most, B. A. (1991). Changing Authoritarian Rule and Public Policy in Argentina, 1930-1970. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. O’Donnell, G. Schmitter, P.C. (1986). Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies.   Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Politics of Argentina. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_ Argentina. Politics of Brazil. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved electronically April 7, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil. Rock, D. (Ed.). (1975). Argentina in the 20th Century. London: Gerald Duckworth Co. Ltd. Rock, D. (Ed.). (1994) Latin America in the 1940s: War and Postwar Transitions.  Berkeley: University of California Press.